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Estimate the yield to maturity of a bond using the approximate YTM formula.
The exact YTM requires solving a polynomial equation. The approximation formula is accurate to within a few basis points for most bonds.
The coupon rate is fixed at issuance. YTM reflects the actual return given the current market price, which changes as rates fluctuate.
When the bond trades at par (face value). Bonds trading at a discount have YTM above the coupon; bonds at a premium have YTM below.